ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which induces severe pneumonia that has considerable death rate. In this article, we summarised the evolution of SARS CoV-2 from alpha to omicron variant. The origin, transmission capability, and innate immunity potential of the Omicron variety remain unknown in the aftermath of its appearance. It's also unclear whether further varieties based on Omicron may emerge in the future. However, there is no question that the Omicron version of SARS-CoV-2 would not be the last. The COVID-19 pandemic has become more difficult to control due to the constant appearance of new SARS-CoV-2 mutations. We have discussed about the epidemiology, treatment plans for SARS CoV-2 and preventive strategies for future pandemic.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Pneumonia , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , COVID-19ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has spread globally, affecting almost 160 million individuals. Elderly and pre-existing patients (such as diabetes, heart disease and asthma), seems more susceptible to serious illness with COVID-19. Roflumilast was licensed for usage in the European Union in July 2010 as a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor. Roflumilast has been shown to decrease bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, lung hydroxyproline, right heart thickning in animal prophylactic. The current study reviewed existing data that the PDE-4 inhibitor protects not just renal tissues but also other major organ systems after COVID-19 infection by decreasing immune cell infiltration. These immune-balancing effects of roflumilast were related with a decrease in oxidative and inflammatory burden, caspase-3 suppression, and increased PKA/cAMP levels in renal and other organ tissue.